Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)

Overview

Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is a water-soluble B vitamin essential for human health. It plays a critical role in synthesizing coenzyme A (CoA), a vital cofactor involved in cellular energy production and the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats¹. Pantothenic acid is found in almost all foods, reflecting its name derived from the Greek word \"pantothen,\" meaning \"from everywhere\"¹. Historically, it was identified as a factor preventing dermatitis in chicks and later recognized as an essential nutrient for humans. Deficiency is extremely rare and usually occurs only in cases of severe malnutrition such as kwashiorkor or marasmus².

Forms and Variations

Pantothenic acid is available in several forms for supplementation and food fortification. The most common form used in supplements is calcium pantothenate, favored for its chemical stability and longer shelf life compared to free pantothenic acid or sodium pantothenate¹. Another form is d-panthenol (pantothenol), a provitamin that the body converts into pantothenic acid, often used in topical applications for skin health. Supplements may come as capsules, tablets, or liquids, and formulations sometimes combine vitamin B5 with other B-complex vitamins to support overall metabolic function³.

Dosage and Administration

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for pantothenic acid is 5 mg daily for adults, with slightly higher amounts recommended during pregnancy (6 mg) and lactation (7 mg)⁴. Pantothenic acid is typically taken once daily with meals to enhance absorption and reduce gastrointestinal discomfort. Because it is water-soluble, excess amounts are generally excreted in urine, making toxicity rare. Supplementation is mainly used to prevent or treat deficiency, which is uncommon in well-nourished individuals².

Scientific Research and Mechanism of Action

Pantothenic acid is a precursor to coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein, both essential for fatty acid metabolism and energy production^{13. CoA participates in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, the Krebs cycle for ATP generation, and the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. Research has confirmed its role in reducing fatigue by supporting energy metabolism and in the biosynthesis of essential lipids, steroid hormones, neurotransmitters, and porphyrins3. Current studies also explore its potential in wound healing and diabetic neuropathy, although evidence remains preliminary2.}

Benefits and Potential Uses

Proven benefits of pantothenic acid include its essential function in energy metabolism and maintaining healthy skin, muscles, and the digestive system². It is medically used to treat rare pantothenic acid deficiency and has been investigated for managing paralytic ileus and diabetic neuropathy². Some unproven claims suggest it may enhance athletic performance and accelerate wound healing, but these require further research. Its role in synthesizing hormones and neurotransmitters also suggests potential benefits in stress response and mental performance³.

Side Effects and Risks

Pantothenic acid is generally well tolerated with minimal side effects. High doses may cause mild gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea or nausea. Because deficiency is rare, supplementation risks are low, but excessive intake beyond recommended levels should be avoided. Individuals with allergies to supplement components or those with specific medical conditions should consult healthcare providers before use⁵.

Interactions and Precautions

There are no well-documented significant drug interactions with pantothenic acid. However, as with all supplements, caution is advised when taken alongside prescription medications. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should adhere to recommended dosages. No special precautions are generally required for medical procedures, but disclosure to healthcare providers is recommended to avoid potential interactions⁵.

Impact on Biomarkers

Supplementation with pantothenic acid may influence biomarkers related to energy metabolism, such as improved fatty acid oxidation and possibly reduced markers of fatigue. However, it does not typically alter standard blood tests significantly. Its role in coenzyme A synthesis supports normal metabolic function reflected indirectly in metabolic health markers¹.

Overdose and Toxicity

Overdose of pantothenic acid is rare due to its water solubility and efficient renal excretion. Symptoms of excessive intake may include diarrhea and gastrointestinal discomfort. No established toxic dose exists, but intakes above 10 grams per day have been associated with mild adverse effects. Staying within recommended limits ensures safety⁵.

Disclaimer

The information provided in this document is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.