Feverfew

Overview

Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) is a perennial medicinal plant traditionally used for treating a variety of ailments including fevers, migraine headaches, rheumatoid arthritis, stomach aches, toothaches, insect bites, menstrual disorders, and labor difficulties. It belongs to the daisy/sunflower family and is native to parts of western Asia and the Balkans but is now cultivated worldwide. Historically, feverfew has been valued in European and Greek herbal medicine for its broad therapeutic properties. Its use extends to conditions such as psoriasis, allergies, asthma, tinnitus, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. The plant contains several bioactive compounds, notably sesquiterpene lactones like parthenolide, flavonoid glycosides, and pinenes, which contribute to its pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardiotonic, and antispasmodic actions¹²³.

Forms and Variations

Feverfew supplements are available in multiple forms, including dried leaf capsules, standardized extracts, tinctures, and topical creams. The most common preparations are capsules containing powdered feverfew leaf or extracts standardized to parthenolide content, which is considered the primary active constituent. Some formulations combine feverfew with other herbs such as ginger to enhance efficacy, especially for migraine relief. Topical applications are used for skin irritation and itching. The choice of form depends on the intended use; for migraine prevention, standardized extracts are preferred to ensure consistent dosing of active compounds, while dried leaf capsules are often used for general health support²⁴.

Dosage and Administration

Typical dosages of feverfew for migraine prevention range from 100 to 300 mg of dried leaf or standardized extract daily, often divided into two or three doses. Standardized extracts usually contain 0.2% to 0.4% parthenolide. It is generally recommended to take feverfew with food to reduce gastrointestinal discomfort. Consistent daily use over several weeks is necessary to observe benefits, particularly for migraine prophylaxis. For topical use, creams or ointments are applied directly to affected skin areas as needed. Because feverfew can affect platelet function, it is advised to discontinue use at least two weeks before surgery to reduce bleeding risk²³⁴.

Scientific Research and Mechanism of Action

Scientific studies have primarily focused on feverfew"s role in migraine prevention. Clinical trials show mixed but generally positive results in reducing migraine frequency and severity. The active compound parthenolide is believed to inhibit serotonin release from platelets and reduce inflammation by blocking prostaglandin synthesis and inhibiting polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation. Feverfew also modulates protein kinase C activity, which may disrupt the biochemical cascade leading to migraine attacks. Additionally, feverfew exhibits antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties, contributing to its protective effects against cellular damage. Research into other uses such as arthritis, allergies, and gastrointestinal disorders is less conclusive but suggests anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic potential. Overall, feverfew"s multifaceted pharmacology supports its traditional uses, though more high-quality clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy across conditions¹³⁴.

Benefits and Potential Uses

The most well-supported benefit of feverfew is in the prevention of migraine headaches, where it may reduce attack frequency, intensity, and duration. It is also used for tension headaches and minor pain relief. Feverfew"s anti-inflammatory properties suggest potential benefits for rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Traditional uses include treatment of fevers, menstrual irregularities, digestive complaints such as indigestion and flatulence, and as an intestinal tonic to expel worms and parasites. Topically, feverfew may relieve itching and skin irritation. Some studies indicate cardiotonic effects and possible anticancer activity, but these require further research. Despite its broad traditional applications, clinical evidence is strongest for migraine prophylaxis¹²³.

Side Effects and Risks

Feverfew is generally well tolerated but can cause mild side effects such as gastrointestinal upset, mouth ulcers (when chewing fresh leaves), and allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Long-term use may lead to withdrawal symptoms including rebound headaches. Because feverfew can inhibit platelet aggregation, it may increase bleeding risk, especially when combined with anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid feverfew due to potential uterine stimulation and lack of safety data. People with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family (e.g., ragweed, chrysanthemums) should use caution²³.

Interactions and Precautions

Feverfew may interact with blood-thinning medications such as warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel, increasing bleeding risk. It can also potentially interfere with platelet function tests. Caution is advised when combining feverfew with other anti-inflammatory drugs or supplements. Due to its possible effects on uterine contractions, it should be avoided during pregnancy. Discontinuation at least two weeks before surgery is recommended to minimize bleeding complications. Individuals with allergies to related plants should avoid feverfew. Consulting a healthcare provider before starting feverfew is important, especially for those on medications or with chronic health conditions²⁴.

Impact on Biomarkers

Feverfew influences biomarkers related to inflammation and platelet function. It reduces serotonin-induced platelet aggregation without affecting normal clotting responses to ADP or thrombin, which may contribute to its migraine-preventive effects. Feverfew"s anti-inflammatory action can lower markers of leukocyte activation and oxidative stress. However, routine blood tests may not show significant changes, and its effects are more biochemical than reflected in standard clinical biomarkers³⁴.

Overdose and Toxicity

There is limited evidence of severe toxicity from feverfew overdose, but excessive intake may cause gastrointestinal distress, mouth ulcers, and increased bleeding tendency. No established toxic dose exists, but doses significantly above recommended levels are not advised. Long-term high-dose use may lead to withdrawal symptoms such as rebound headaches. Safe upper limits have not been firmly established, so adherence to recommended dosages and medical supervision is important to avoid adverse effects²³.

Disclaimer

The information provided in this document is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.