Calcium

Overview

Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in numerous biological processes, including bone formation, muscle function, and nerve transmission^[1]. It is the most abundant mineral in the human body, with about 99% found in bones and teeth^[5]. Historically, calcium compounds like lime (calcium oxide) have been used for centuries in construction and agriculture^[4]. Calcium was first isolated as an element in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy^[2].

Forms and Variations

Calcium supplements are available in several forms, each with different absorption rates and bioavailability:

• Calcium carbonate: Commonly used, inexpensive, but may cause gastrointestinal side effects^[2].
• Calcium citrate: Well-absorbed, especially in individuals with low stomach acid^[5].
• Calcium gluconate: Often used in intravenous solutions due to its high solubility^[4].

Dosage and Administration

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for calcium varies by age and gender:

• Adults: 1,000 mg/day for men and women aged 19-50 years^[5].
• Pregnant and breastfeeding women: 1,000 mg/day^[5].

For optimal absorption, calcium supplements should be taken with meals and in divided doses throughout the day^[5].

Scientific Research and Mechanism of Action

Calcium plays a crucial role in bone health by forming hydroxyapatite, the main mineral component of bones^[1]. It also acts as a cofactor for many enzymes and is essential for muscle contraction and nerve function^[5]. Research has shown that adequate calcium intake can help prevent osteoporosis and reduce the risk of fractures^[5].

Benefits and Potential Uses

Calcium supplementation is beneficial for:

• Bone health: Essential for maintaining strong bones and preventing osteoporosis^[5].
• Cardiovascular health: May help lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases^[5].
• Muscle function: Important for muscle contraction and relaxation^[5].

Side Effects and Risks

Common side effects of calcium supplements include:

• Gastrointestinal issues: Constipation, bloating, and gas^[5].
• Kidney stones: High doses may increase the risk of forming kidney stones^[5].

Interactions and Precautions

Calcium can interact with:

• Medications: May interfere with the absorption of certain antibiotics and medications^[5].
• Special populations: Individuals with kidney disease should consult a healthcare provider before taking calcium supplements^[5].

Impact on Biomarkers

Calcium supplementation can affect:

• Bone density tests: Regular calcium intake supports healthy bone density^[5].
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels: Calcium intake influences PTH regulation, which is crucial for bone health^[5].

Overdose and Toxicity

Excessive calcium intake can lead to:

• Hypercalcemia: Elevated calcium levels in the blood, which can cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and confusion^[5].
• Safe upper limit: The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for calcium is 2,500 mg/day for adults^[5].

Disclaimer

The information provided in this document is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.