Zinc

Overview

Zinc is an essential trace mineral vital for numerous biological functions in the human body. It plays a critical role in immune system support, wound healing, growth and development, and enzymatic reactions. Because the body cannot produce zinc, it must be obtained through diet or supplements. Tracking zinc levels is important to identify deficiencies or excesses that can impact health, including immune dysfunction, growth retardation, and neurological symptoms.¹²

Scientific Background

Zinc functions as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes involved in processes such as DNA synthesis, protein production, and cellular metabolism. It is predominantly stored in muscle and bone tissues. Zinc ions (Zn²⁺) participate in catalytic, structural, and regulatory roles within enzymes and proteins. The body tightly regulates zinc absorption and excretion to maintain homeostasis. Zinc interacts with other trace elements, notably copper, where excess zinc can induce copper deficiency. Its biological importance extends to supporting thyroid function, taste and smell perception, and insulin storage in the pancreas.¹³⁴

Measurement and Testing

Zinc status is commonly assessed by measuring serum or plasma zinc concentrations using atomic absorption spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Factors such as recent food intake, inflammation, and time of day can influence zinc levels, potentially confounding results. Testing is recommended when zinc deficiency or toxicity is suspected, especially in populations at risk such as children, pregnant women, vegetarians, and individuals with malabsorption disorders.²⁴

Reference Ranges

Standard serum zinc reference ranges typically fall between 70 and 120 micrograms per deciliter (mcg/dL), though exact values may vary by laboratory. Levels can differ based on age, sex, and physiological states such as pregnancy. For example, pregnant women may have slightly altered zinc requirements and serum levels. Values below the reference range suggest deficiency, while levels above may indicate excess intake or supplementation. Interpretation should consider clinical context and potential confounding factors.²⁴

High Values

Elevated zinc levels are often caused by excessive supplementation or occupational exposure. High zinc intake can lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and ataxia. Importantly, excessive zinc can interfere with copper absorption, resulting in secondary copper deficiency, which may cause anemia and neurological issues. Chronic high zinc exposure requires medical evaluation to prevent toxicity and related complications.¹²

Low Values

Zinc deficiency arises from inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption syndromes, chronic illnesses, or increased physiological demands such as pregnancy and growth. Deficiency is associated with growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function leading to increased infection risk, skin disorders, and delayed wound healing. In children, zinc deficiency can cause diarrhea and developmental delays. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term health consequences.¹²

Improving Biomarker Levels

To improve zinc status, dietary intake should be optimized by consuming zinc-rich foods such as meat, seafood, dairy, nuts, and seeds. Because zinc from animal sources is better absorbed, vegetarians and vegans should be mindful of their intake and may consider supplementation if needed. Lifestyle factors such as reducing alcohol consumption and managing gastrointestinal health can enhance zinc absorption. Zinc supplements should be used cautiously and under medical guidance to avoid toxicity and nutrient imbalances.²⁴

Importance of Tracking

Monitoring zinc levels is important for maintaining optimal immune function, growth, and metabolic health. Regular assessment can guide nutritional interventions, especially in vulnerable populations like children, pregnant women, and those with chronic diseases. Tracking helps prevent complications from both deficiency and excess, supporting informed clinical decisions and personalized care strategies.²

Disclaimer

The information provided in this document is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.