Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)

Overview

Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in the synthesis and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats^[1]. It is essential for producing coenzyme A (CoA), a vital cofactor in various biochemical reactions, including the Krebs cycle and fatty acid synthesis^[3]. Historically, pantothenic acid was first isolated in the 1930s and has since been recognized as a key component of the B-vitamin complex^[2]. Its name comes from the Greek word "pantothen," meaning "from everywhere," reflecting its widespread presence in foods^[3].

Forms and Variations

Pantothenic acid is commonly available as calcium pantothenate in dietary supplements and animal feed due to its stability and longer shelf life compared to other forms like sodium pantothenate^[3]. Other variations include D-panthenol and pantethine, a derivative used for its potential cardiovascular benefits^[2]. The choice of form often depends on the intended use and stability requirements.

Dosage and Administration

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for pantothenic acid is 5 mg per day for adults, increasing to 6 mg during pregnancy and 7 mg during lactation^[1]. Supplements are typically taken once daily with meals to enhance absorption. There is no established tolerable upper intake level (UL) due to the lack of observed toxicity from high intakes^[1].

Scientific Research and Mechanism of Action

Pantothenic acid is crucial for synthesizing CoA, which is involved in lipid metabolism, energy production, and the synthesis of cholesterol, steroid hormones, and neurotransmitters^[5]. Research suggests potential benefits in reducing cholesterol levels and inflammation, though more studies are needed to confirm these effects^[1]. Pantethine, a derivative of pantothenic acid, has shown promise in lowering LDL cholesterol^[2].

Benefits and Potential Uses

Pantothenic acid supports growth and development by facilitating metabolic processes^[2]. It may help reduce cholesterol levels and inflammation, potentially benefiting cardiovascular health^[1]. Additionally, it has been explored for treating liver conditions, arthritis, and acne, though evidence is limited^[4].

Side Effects and Risks

Pantothenic acid is generally well-tolerated, with no established toxic level from high intake^[1]. However, gastrointestinal side effects like diarrhea may occur at very high doses. There are no specific contraindications, but caution is advised in individuals with sensitive stomachs.

Interactions and Precautions

There are no well-documented interactions with medications, but it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider before taking supplements, especially during pregnancy or lactation^[5]. Pantothenic acid does not inhibit biotin absorption^[2].

Impact on Biomarkers

Pantothenic acid may influence lipid profiles by potentially lowering LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, though its direct impact on specific biomarkers is not extensively studied^[1].

Overdose and Toxicity

There is no established upper limit for pantothenic acid intake due to its low toxicity profile^[1]. However, excessive intake may cause gastrointestinal discomfort. Symptoms of toxicity are not well-documented.

Disclaimer

The information provided in this document is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.