Prolactin

Overview

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, primarily known for its role in lactation and breast development during pregnancy^[1]. It plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including reproduction, metabolism, fluid regulation, immunity, and behavior^[2]. Tracking prolactin levels is important for diagnosing conditions like hyperprolactinemia, which can affect fertility and cause symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles and erectile dysfunction^[3].

Scientific Background

Prolactin is produced mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also in other tissues like the uterus and immune cells^[2]. Its production is regulated by dopamine, which inhibits its release, and estrogen, which stimulates it^[2]. Prolactin has over 300 functions in the body, including roles in lactation, breast development, and immune regulation^[1].

Measurement and Testing

Prolactin levels are measured through a blood test, typically performed in the morning when levels are highest^[4]. Factors such as exercise, stress, and certain medications can affect test results^[4]. Testing is recommended for individuals experiencing symptoms like irregular periods or nipple discharge^[5].

Reference Ranges

Normal prolactin levels vary by gender and age. For women, the range is typically 102–496 mU/L, while for men it is 86–324 mU/L^[1]. Levels naturally rise during pregnancy and breastfeeding^[3]. Demographic variations include higher levels in women of childbearing age and in men under 30^[1].

High Values

High prolactin levels, known as hyperprolactinemia, can be caused by conditions like prolactinoma, thyroid issues, or certain medications^[2]. Symptoms include irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, and erectile dysfunction^[5]. Treatment often involves dopamine agonists like cabergoline^[2].

Low Values

Low prolactin levels are less common but can occur in conditions like hypopituitarism, affecting milk production postpartum^[3]. Symptoms may include difficulty lactating or reduced fertility^[4]. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.

Improving Biomarker Levels

Lifestyle modifications such as reducing stress and avoiding certain medications can help manage prolactin levels^[4]. Medical interventions may include treating underlying conditions or using dopamine agonists for hyperprolactinemia^[2]. Supplements are generally not recommended without medical guidance.

Importance of Tracking

Monitoring prolactin levels is crucial for diagnosing and managing conditions related to fertility and hormonal balance^[5]. It helps in making informed decisions about treatment options and assessing the risk of associated health issues^[3].

Disclaimer

The information provided in this document is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.