Myeloperoxidase (MPO)

Overview

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a peroxidase enzyme primarily found in neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. It plays a crucial role in the body"s defense against infections by producing hypochlorous acid, a potent antimicrobial agent^[1]. MPO is also involved in various inflammatory processes and has been linked to cardiovascular diseases, making it an important biomarker for tracking immune function and cardiovascular health^[3].

Scientific Background

MPO catalyzes the formation of reactive oxidants, such as hypochlorous acid, from hydrogen peroxide and chloride ions. This process is essential for neutrophil-mediated killing of pathogens but can also contribute to tissue damage and oxidative stress^[1]. MPO is produced in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and released during degranulation. Its activity is linked to other biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, such as C-reactive protein and troponin^[3].

Measurement and Testing

MPO levels are typically measured in blood using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or other immunoassays. Factors affecting MPO levels include inflammation, infection, and cardiovascular disease. Testing is recommended for patients with suspected cardiovascular conditions or those at risk of infections due to MPO deficiency^[2].

Reference Ranges

Reference ranges for MPO vary depending on the laboratory and method used. Generally, elevated levels are associated with inflammation and cardiovascular risk, while low levels may indicate MPO deficiency. Demographic variations exist, with higher levels often seen in smokers and individuals with chronic inflammation^[3].

High Values

Elevated MPO levels are associated with increased cardiovascular risk, including atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction^[3]. High MPO levels can also indicate acute or chronic inflammation. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, or signs of infection. Elevated MPO is a risk factor for adverse cardiac events^[3].

Low Values

Low MPO levels are typically seen in individuals with MPO deficiency, which can lead to increased susceptibility to certain infections, particularly fungal infections like candidiasis^[1]. Symptoms may include recurrent infections or impaired wound healing. MPO deficiency is generally mild but can increase the risk of specific infections^[1].

Improving Biomarker Levels

Lifestyle modifications such as reducing smoking and managing chronic inflammation can help lower elevated MPO levels. In cases of MPO deficiency, ensuring proper hygiene and avoiding exposure to pathogens can help prevent infections. There are no specific supplements recommended for altering MPO levels, but maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle is beneficial^[4].

Importance of Tracking

Monitoring MPO levels is important for assessing cardiovascular risk and managing inflammatory conditions. It can help in early detection of potential health issues and guide therapeutic interventions. Tracking MPO levels can also aid in understanding the progression of diseases like atherosclerosis^[3].

Disclaimer

The information provided in this document is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.