Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

Overview

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells, playing a crucial role in energy production by converting pyruvate to lactate and vice versa^[1]. It is particularly abundant in tissues like the heart, liver, muscles, kidneys, and lungs. LDH levels are often monitored to assess tissue damage, as elevated levels can indicate conditions such as heart attacks, liver disease, or cancer^[2].

Scientific Background

LDH catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate, with NADH and NAD⁺ as cofactors^[1]. It exists in five isoforms, each with different tissue distributions, which are formed from combinations of two main subunits encoded by the LDHA and LDHB genes^[1]. LDH is regulated by substrate availability and feedback inhibition, and its activity is crucial for anaerobic glycolysis^[1].

Measurement and Testing

LDH levels are typically measured through a blood test, which requires no specific preparation^[3]. The test can also be performed on other body fluids like cerebrospinal or pleural fluid^[5]. Factors affecting results include recent tissue damage or certain medical conditions^[2].

Reference Ranges

Normal LDH levels in adults typically range from 122 to 222 U/L, though this can vary slightly by laboratory^[3]. Levels can differ based on age, with higher ranges observed in younger individuals^[2]. Interpretation of results should consider these demographic variations and the clinical context.

High Values

Elevated LDH levels often indicate tissue damage or disease, such as myocardial infarction, liver disease, or certain cancers^[2]. High levels can also be seen in conditions like hemolytic anemia or severe infections^[1]. Associated health risks include organ dysfunction and increased mortality in severe cases.

Low Values

Low LDH levels are less commonly associated with specific health risks but may occur with high vitamin C intake^[1]. Deficiencies in LDH, particularly due to genetic mutations, can lead to conditions like rhabdomyolysis during intense exercise^[4].

Improving Biomarker Levels

Improving LDH levels typically involves addressing underlying conditions causing elevated levels. Lifestyle modifications include managing stress and avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, which can lead to lactic acidosis^[1]. There are no specific supplements recommended for altering LDH levels directly.

Importance of Tracking

Monitoring LDH levels is crucial for diagnosing and managing conditions associated with tissue damage or cancer^[2]. It helps in assessing treatment efficacy and predicting outcomes in certain diseases^[3].

Disclaimer

The information provided in this document is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.