Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Overview

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone to support early pregnancy development^[1]. hCG is also used as a marker in pregnancy tests and is monitored to assess pregnancy viability. Tracking hCG levels helps identify potential complications such as ectopic pregnancies or miscarriages^[2].

Scientific Background

hCG is a glycoprotein hormone composed of alpha and beta subunits, with the beta subunit being unique to hCG^[4]. It is produced shortly after implantation and peaks around weeks 8-11 of pregnancy^[1]. hCG interacts with the LHCG receptor to maintain progesterone production, supporting fetal development^[1]. It also has immunomodulatory functions, contributing to maternal-fetal tolerance^[5].

Measurement and Testing

hCG levels are measured through blood or urine tests. Blood tests are more sensitive and can detect lower levels of hCG, making them useful for early pregnancy detection^[4]. Factors affecting results include the timing of the test and individual variability in hCG production^[2].

Reference Ranges

Normal hCG levels vary widely during pregnancy. They typically range from 5 to 50 mIU/mL at 3 weeks post-conception and peak between 25,700 to 288,000 mIU/mL by weeks 9-12^[1]. Levels decrease after the first trimester. Demographic variations and individual differences can affect these ranges^[2].

High Values

Elevated hCG levels may indicate multiple pregnancies, molar pregnancies, or gestational trophoblastic disease^[4]. High levels can also be associated with increased risk of preeclampsia^[4]. Symptoms may include severe morning sickness or hyperemesis gravidarum^[3].

Low Values

Low hCG levels may suggest an ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage risk, or decreased fetal growth^[2]. Slow-rising levels can indicate an abnormal pregnancy^[2]. Symptoms might include light bleeding or cramping^[2].

Improving Biomarker Levels

Improving hCG levels is not typically a goal, as they are naturally regulated during pregnancy. However, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and ensuring adequate nutrition can support overall pregnancy health^[3]. In fertility treatments, hCG injections may be used to stimulate ovulation^[2].

Importance of Tracking

Monitoring hCG levels is crucial for assessing pregnancy viability and detecting potential complications early. It helps healthcare providers make informed decisions about pregnancy care and management^[2].

Disclaimer

The information provided in this document is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.