Fecal Lactoferrin

Overview

Fecal lactoferrin is a protein found in stool that serves as a biomarker for intestinal inflammation. It is produced by neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, in response to inflammation in the digestive tract^[1]. This biomarker is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring conditions like Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), helping differentiate them from non-inflammatory disorders such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)^[1][2].

Scientific Background

Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein with antimicrobial properties, found in various bodily secretions like milk, saliva, and tears^[2]. In the context of intestinal health, it is released by neutrophils during inflammation, making it a reliable indicator of gastrointestinal inflammation^[3]. Its levels correlate with the severity of inflammation, making it useful for assessing disease activity in IBD and CDI^[1][5].

Measurement and Testing

Fecal lactoferrin is typically measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from a stool sample^[4]. The test is non-invasive and can be performed on unpreserved stool, making it convenient for patients^[4]. Factors affecting results include recent antibiotic use and breastfeeding, as lactoferrin is present in breast milk^[2].

Reference Ranges

Reference ranges for fecal lactoferrin vary slightly between laboratories but generally indicate that low levels are associated with non-inflammatory conditions, while elevated levels suggest inflammation^[3]. There are no significant demographic variations in reference ranges, but interpretation may depend on clinical context^[5].

High Values

Elevated fecal lactoferrin levels are indicative of intestinal inflammation, commonly seen in IBD and CDI^[1][3]. High levels are associated with increased disease severity and may require further diagnostic procedures like endoscopy^[5]. Symptoms may include persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss^[2].

Low Values

Low lactoferrin levels suggest a non-inflammatory condition, such as IBS, which does not cause significant intestinal inflammation^[3]. Low levels are also seen in healthy individuals and those with viral infections^[5]. Symptoms may include cramp-like stomach pains and changes in bowel habits without inflammation^[3].

Improving Biomarker Levels

Improving fecal lactoferrin levels involves addressing the underlying cause of inflammation. For IBD, this may include anti-inflammatory medications and lifestyle changes such as dietary adjustments^[2]. For infections like CDI, appropriate antibiotic treatment is necessary^[1]. There is no direct supplement to lower lactoferrin levels, but managing inflammation through medical treatment is key^[5].

Importance of Tracking

Tracking fecal lactoferrin is important for monitoring disease activity in IBD and CDI, guiding treatment decisions, and distinguishing between inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions^[1][3]. It helps avoid unnecessary invasive procedures and ensures targeted treatment approaches^[1].

Disclaimer

The information provided in this document is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. It is essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.